See the Pen Australia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Australia is a defaced Blue Ensign: a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton (upper hoist quarter), and a large white seven-pointed star known as the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter. The fly contains a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, made up of five white stars – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars.
See the Pen Cook Islands by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of the Cook Islands is based on the traditional design for former British colonies in the Pacific region. It is a blue ensign containing the Union Flag in the upper left, and on the right, fifteen stars in a ring. The Union Flag is symbolic of the nation's historic ties to the United Kingdom and to the Commonwealth of Nations. The stars stand for the fifteen islands that make up the Cook Islands (Tongareva, Rakahanga, Manihiki, Pukapuka, Nassau, Suwarrow, Palmerston, Aitutaki, Manuae, Takutea, Aitu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Rarotonga and Mangaia). The blue represents the ocean and the peaceful nature of the inhabitants.
See the Pen Fiji by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Fiji flag is of 1:2 ratio and is a defaced sky-blue "Blue Ensign". Its bright blue background symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, which plays an important part in the lives of the islanders, both in terms of the fishing industry, and the huge tourist trade. The Union Jack reflects the country's links with the United Kingdom. It has a white shield with a red cross and a red chief (upper third of a shield). The images depicted on the shield represent agricultural activities on the islands, and the historical associations with the United Kingdom. At the top of the shield, a British lion holds a cocoa pod between its paws. The upper left is sugar cane, upper right is a coconut palm, the lower left a dove of peace, and the lower right a bunch of bananas.
See the Pen Tuvalu by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Tuvaluan flag is a blue ensign based on the Union Flag, which is shown in the upper left canton of the flag; but has a sky blue field rather than the conventional blue.The stars represent the nine islands which comprise Tuvalu; the arrangement is geographically correct.
See the Pen Uzbekistan by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The State flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan is of 1:2 ratio and color blue on the flag is a symbol of the eternal sky and life-giving water, which reflect the essence of life. In symbolic language it represents goodness, wisdom, honesty, glory and loyalty. The color white on the flag, symbolizing holy peace, harmonizes with the illumination of the day and the sources of light in the universe. The color white is a symbol of purity, transparency, innocence, the cleanliness of desires and dreams, and a striving for inner beauty. The color green is a symbol of the renewal of nature. The red stripes are tributaries of the power of life that flows in bodies. The depiction of a youthful crescent moon is a symbol of the independence obtained by Uzbekistan. Stars are considered a spiritual, divine symbol for all nations. The 12 stars depicted on the state flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan are also directly connected with Uzbek historical traditions, with the ancient calendar-cycle of the sun. The symbol of the 12 stars is also related to the development of astronomy in the scientific thought of the ancient states within the borders of Uzbekistan. The depiction of 12 stars on the Uzbek state flag can be understood as a symbol of the antiquity of the culture of the Uzbek people, its maturity and the striving for happiness in its land.
See the Pen Burundi by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of Burundi is of 3:5 ratio and consists of a white saltire which divides the field into alternating red and green areas. The center of the saltire merges into a white disk, on which there are three red solid six-pointed stars outlined in green. The green colour symbolizes hope, the white symbolises peace, and red those who fell in the struggle for independence.The three stars stand for the three major ethnic groups of Burundi: the Hutu, the Twa and the Tutsi, the three stars also stand for the three elements of the national motto: Unité, Travail, Progrès ("Unity, Work, Progress"), which can be seen on the Coat of arms of Burundi.
See the Pen Cape Verde by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of Cape Verde is of 2:3 ratio and is spread on blue field, 10 stars on the flag represent the main islands of the nation. The blue represents the ocean and the sky. The band of white and red represents the road toward the construction of the nation, and the colours stand for peace (white) and effort (red). The yellow colour, circular formation of the stars, and dark blue field show similarity to the flag of the European Union. The stripes are in 6:1:1:1:3 ratio, and the circle of stars is centred 3/8 along the fly.
See the Pen Comoros by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The current flag of the Union of Comoros design consists of a white crescent with four white stars inside of a green triangle. The flag has four stripes, representing four islands of the nation: yellow is for Mohéli, white is for Mayotte , red is for Anjouan, and blue is for Grande Comore. The star and crescent symbol stands for Islam, which is the nation's major religion.
See the Pen Guinea-Bissau by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Guinea-Bissau flag is of 1:2 ratio, it features the traditional Pan-African colors of gold, green, red, and also the Black Star of Africa. The flag's design is heavily influenced by the flag of Ghana. The colors have the same meanings: specifically, the red is for the blood of martyrs, green for forests, and gold for mineral wealth.
See the Pen Liberia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Liberia flag width and height are in 1.9 ratio. The eleven stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence, red and white symbolizing courage and moral excellence. The white star represents the freedom the ex-slaves were given, above the blue square representing the African mainland.
See the Pen Seychelles by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of the Seychelles is of 1:2 ratio, oblique bands symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future. The colour blue depicts the sky and the sea that surrounds the Seychelles. Yellow is for the sun which gives light and life, red symbolizes the people and their determination to work for the future in unity and love, whilst the white band represents social justice and harmony. The green depicts the land and natural environment.
See the Pen Somalia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Somalia flag is of 2:3 ratio which is spread on blue field, the five-pointed white Star of Unity in its center represents the Somali ethnic group found in Djibouti, the Ogaden region in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and the former British Somalia land and Italian Somalia land territories. Blue color represents Indian Ocean in the flag.
See the Pen Zambia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Zambia, is green with an orange colored eagle in flight over a rectangular block of three vertical stripes, colored, from left to right: red, black and orange. The placement of the eagle and block of stripes at the flag's fly is notable as most emblems and devices on flags are placed at center or at the hoist. Green stands for the nation's lush flora, red for the nation's struggle for freedom, black for the Zambian people, and orange for the land's natural resources and mineral wealth. Additionally, the eagle flying above the colored stripes is intended to represent the people's ability to rise above the nation's problems.
See the Pen Zimbabwe by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of Zimbabwe consists of seven even horizontal stripes of green with a white triangle containing a red 5 point star with a Zimbabwe Bird. The soapstone bird featured on the flag represents a statuette of a bird found at the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. The bird symbolizes the history of Zimbabwe; the red star beneath it symbolizes Marxism, and the revolutionary struggle for freedom and peace. Green represents the agriculture and rural areas of Zimbabwe. Yellow stands for the wealth of minerals in the country, predominantly gold. The red symbolizes the blood shed during the wars in the struggle for independence. The black indicates the heritage, ethnicity and community of the native Africans of Zimbabwe. The white triangle is a symbol for peace. The golden bird, known as the "Great Zimbabwe Bird" is the national symbol of Zimbabwe.The red star represents the nation's hopes and aspirations for the future.
See the Pen Swaziland by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Swaziland is of 2;3 ratio where red stands for past battles, the blue for peace and stability, and the yellow for the resources of Swaziland. The central focus of the flag is a shield and two spears, symbolizing protection from the country's enemies. Its colour is meant to show that white and black people live in peaceful coexistence in Swaziland, On it is an Emasotsha shield, laid horizontally. The shield is reinforced by a staff from which hangs injobo tassels-bunches of feathers of the widowbird and the lourie. They also decorate the shield. Above the staff are two assegais-local spears
See the Pen Mozambique by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Mozambique is of 2:3 ratio and includes the image of an AK-47 with a bayonet attached to the barrel. Green stands for the riches of the land, the white fimbriations signify peace, black represents the African continent, yellow symbolizes the country's minerals, and red represents the struggle for independence. The rifle stands for defence and vigilance, the open book symbolizes the importance of education, the hoe represents the country's agriculture, and the star symbolizes Marxism and internationalism.
See the Pen Malawi by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of independent Malawi is of 2:3 ratio, rising sun represents the dawn of hope and freedom for the continent of Africa, black represents the indigenous people of the continent, the red symbolizes the blood of their struggle, and the green represents nature.
See the Pen Kenya by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The Kenyan flag is of 2:3 ratio, color black represents the people of the Republic of Kenya, red for the blood shed during the fight for freedom, green for the country's landscape; the white fimbriations were added later to symbolize peace and honesty. The black, red, and white traditional Maasai shield and two spears symbolize the defense of all the things mentioned above.
See the Pen Ethiopia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The current flag of Ethiopia emblem is intended to represent both the diversity and unity of the country. Blue represents peace, the star represents diversity and unity, and the sun's rays symbolize prosperity. The green recalls the land, yellow stands for peace and hope, and red is symbolic of strength. The star is yellow on a blue disc which overlaps the green and red stripes. The star testifies to Ethiopia's bright future and possibly echoes the connection with the House of King Solomon, while the yellow rays which it emits are equidistant and are said to represent the equality of all Ethiopians regardless of race, creed, or sex.
See the Pen Eritrea by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The current flag of Eritrea is of 1:2 ratio and uses the basic layout of the flag of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front. The flag is dominated by a red triangle extending from the hoist to the fly, with complementary green and blue triangles above and below. Green stands for the fertility of the country; blue stands for the sea (Red Sea); and red for the blood lost in the fight for freedom. In the red triangle, a gold wreath symbol with 14 leaves on each side is used.
See the Pen Equatorial Guinea by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of 2:3 ratio and is a horizontal tricolor, with green, white and red stripes and a blue triangle at the hoist. Green symbolizes the natural resources, agriculture and jungles of the country. Blue symbolizes the sea, which connects the main country with the islands, White symbolizes peace. Red symbolizes the blood shed by the fighters for independence. The arms consists of a silver shield with a silk-cotton tree, which was derived from the arms of Rio Muni. Above the shield is an arc of 6 six-pointed yellow stars, that represent Rio Muni and the offshore islands. Beneath the shield is a silver scroll with the national motto, Unidad, Paz, Justicia ("Unity, Peace, Justice").
See the Pen Angola by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of Angola is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.As in some other African countries, this flag is a modification of the ruling party's flag. The red is for the blood spilt by Angolans during their independence struggles, while the black is for the continent of Africa. The symbol in the middle is of a crossed cog wheel (representing workers and industry) and machete (representing the peasantry) with a gold star. It was adopted during a time when Angola had a Marxist government, and thus was supposed to evoke the image of the hammer and sickle found on the flag of the former Soviet Union, a common symbol of Communism and flag is of 2:3 ratio.
See the Pen Vanuatu by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Vanuatu adopted colors of Vanua'aku Party(red, green, black and yellow) which led the New Hebrides to independence as Vanuatu in 1980. The green represents the richness of the islands, the red symbolises the blood of boars and men, and the black the ni-Vanuatu people. Vanuatu's Prime Minister, Father Walter Lini, requested the inclusion of yellow and black fimbriations to make the black stand out. The yellow Y-shape represents the light of the Gospel going through the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. The emblem in the black is a boar's tusk – the symbol of prosperity worn as a pendant on the islands - along with two leaves of the local namele fern. The leaves are supposed to be a token of peace, and their 39 fronds represent the 39 members of Vanuatu's legislative assembly.
See the Pen Turkmenistan by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Turkmenistan features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic and Islamic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe. The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (welayatlar) of Turkmenistan – Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary. The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Saryk (Saryq), Chowdur (Choudur), and Arsary (Ersary).
See the Pen Tajikistan by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Tajikistan flag is of horizontal red, white and green stripes, The symbol charged in the middle of the white stripe is a crown surmounted by an arc of seven stars. The crown represents the Tajik people, the name itself arguably is derived from tajvar, which means "crowned". In traditional Tajik cultural aspects the number "seven" is a symbol of perfection, the embodiment of happiness and the provider of virtue. The middle white stripe is one-and-a-half times the size of the red and green stripes. The red represents the unity of the nation and the symbol of the sun and victory; the white represents purity, cotton, the snow on the mountains and the unity of the people; and green stands for the spiritual meaning of Islam and represents the generosity of nature of the country.
See the Pen Papua New Guinea by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Papua New Guinea is a black and red bend (diagonal bi-color) with the Southern Cross and a Bird of Paradise. In the hoist, it depicts the Southern Cross; in the fly, a raggiana bird of paradise is silhouetted. Red and black have long been traditional colors of many Papua New Guinean tribes. Black-white-red was the color of the German Empire's flag, which had colonized New Guinea prior to 1918. The bird of paradise is also found on the national coat-of-arms.
See the Pen Kyrgyzstan by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Kyrgyzstan consists of a red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 uniformly spaced rays. In the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the tündük or crown of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red background of the flag symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun represents peace and wealth, and the tündük signifies the family home or, by extension, the universe. According to popular interpretations, the sun's 40 rays represent the 40 Kyrgyz tribes unified against the Mongols by the epic hero Manas.
See the Pen Kiribati by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Kiribati upper half is red with a gold frigate bird flying over a gold rising sun, lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean and the three groups (Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands). The 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (former Ocean Island). The frigate bird symbolizes command of the sea, power, freedom and Kiribati cultural dance patterns, the blue and white wavy bands represent the Pacific Ocean, which surrounds Kiribati and the sun refers to Kiribati's position astride the Equator.
See the Pen Kazakhstan by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future. The width of the flag to its length is 1:2.
See the Pen Bangladesh by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Bangladesh flag is of 3:5 ratio and consists of a red disc on top of a green field, offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centered when the flag is flying. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh.
See the Pen Portugal by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The Flag of Portugal is the national flag of the Portuguese Republic. It is a rectangular bicolor with a field unevenly divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly. The lesser version of the national coat of arms (i.e. armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) is centered over the color boundary at equal distance from the upper and lower edges, these colors were popularly propagandized as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood (red) of those who died defending it, as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment. The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas, during the Age of Discoveries.The Portuguese shield rests over the armillary sphere, Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique".The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies, under Afonso III, who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve, concluded in 1249.
See the Pen San Marino by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Serbia is a tricolor consisting of three equal horizontal bands, red on the top, blue in the middle and white on the bottom and flag is of 2:3 ratio with coat of arms close to hoist side.
See the Pen San Marino by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The state and war flag of San Marino is formed by two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) with a closed crown on top, flanked by an oak and laurel wreath, with a scroll below bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty). The two colors of the flag represent peace (white) and liberty (azure), flag is in 3:4 ratio.
See the Pen Romania by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The national flag of Romania is a tricolour with vertical stripes: beginning from the flagpole, blue, yellow and red. It has a width-length ratio of 2:3.Liberty (sky-blue), Justice (field yellow), Fraternity (blood red) are the representations of flag colors.
See the Pen Moldova by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The state flag of Moldova is a vertical tricolor of blue, yellow, and red, charged with the coat of arms of Moldova (an eagle holding a shield charged with an aurochs) on the center bar. The obverse is mirrored. The flag ratio is 1:2, the Moldovan arms features a dark golden eagle holding an Orthodox Christian cross in its beak. Instead of a sword, the eagle is holding an olive branch, symbolizing peace. The blue and red shield on the eagle's chest is charged with the traditional symbols of Moldova: an aurochs' head, flanked by a rose at dexter and a crescent at senester, and having a star between its horns, all of gold.
See the Pen Malta by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The Flag of Malta is a basic bi-colour, with white in the hoist and red in the fly. A representation of the George Cross, awarded to Malta by George VI in 1942 is carried, edged with red, in the canton of the white stripe.The George Cross originally appeared on the flag placed on a blue canton , flag was changed on 21 September 1964 with Malta's independence when the blue canton was replaced by a red fimbriation the intention being that the Cross appear less prominent.
See the Pen Liechtenstein by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Liechtenstein consists of two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold ducal crown on the hoist side of the blue band. The colors are likely to have been derived from the livery colors of the Principality's royal household in the eighteenth century. The flag can be hung vertically or horizontally, but the crown always remains upright.
See the Pen Cyprus by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The state flag features a map of the entirety of the island, with two olive branches below (a symbol of peace) on white (another symbol of peace). The olive branches signify peace between the Turks and Greeks. The map on the flag is a copper-orange color, symbolizing the large deposits of copper ore on the island (chiefly in the form of chalcopyrite, which is yellow in color), from which it may have received its name.
See the Pen Croatia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Croatia is one of the state symbols of Croatia. It consists of three equal size, horizontal stripes in colors red, white and blue. In the middle is the coat of arms of Croatia. The flag combines the colors of the flags of the Kingdom of Croatia (red and white), the Kingdom of Slavonia (white and blue) and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (red and blue). Those three kingdoms are the historic constituent states of the Croatian Kingdom. The shield is in the red and white checks of Croatia. Above is a crown made of shields of its various regions. From left to right they are the ancient arms of Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia. Arms of Dubrovnik and Istra are there because they represent two parts of Croatia that big part of their history were not part of Kingdom Dalmatia-Croatia- Slavonia.
See the Pen Albania by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The Flag of Albania is a red flag and is of 5:7 ratio, with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the center, that represents the sovereign state of Albania located in the Balkans. The eagle was used for heraldic purposes in the late Middle Ages by a number of noble families in Albania (it is said that Skanderbeg used it on his flag) and became the symbol of the Albanians.
See the Pen Saudi Arabia by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Saudi Arabia is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword in 2:3 ratio. The Arabic inscription on the flag, written in the Thuluth script, is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith: "There is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God", green of the flag represents Islam and the sword stands for the House of Saud, the founding dynasty of the country or the military strength and prowess of Saudi Arabia. The flag is manufactured with identical obverse and reverse sides, to ensure the shahada reads correctly, from right to left, from either side. The sword points to the left on both sides, in the direction of the script. The flag is sinister hoisted, meaning that it is hoisted to the left of the flagpole, as viewed from the obverse (front) side.
See the Pen Morocco by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Morocco is made of a red field with a black-bordered green pentagram and is of 2:3 ratio. Red has considerable historic significance in Morocco, proclaiming the descent of the royal Alaouite family from the Prophet Muhammad via Fatima, the wife of Ali, the fourth Muslim Caliph. Red is also the color that was used by the Sherif's of Mecca and the Imams of Yemen.The green, five-pointed star represents the Solomon’s seal.
See the Pen Lebanon by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
The flag of Lebanon is formed of two horizontal red stripes enveloping a horizontal white stripe. The white stripe is to be two times a red one (ratio 1:2:1)—a Spanish fess. The green cedar in the middle touches each of the red stripes and its width is one third of the width of the flag. The red stripes symbolize the pure blood shed in the aim of liberation. The white stripe symbolizes peace, and the white snow covering Lebanon's mountains. The green cedar, (Species: Cedrus libani or Lebanon Cedar) symbolizes immortality and steadiness. This cedar is referenced many times in the Bible: "The righteous flourish like the palm tree, and grow like a cedar in Lebanon"
See the Pen Israel by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
Israel flag is of 8:11 ratio and has Blue Star of David between two horizontal blue stripes on a white field.The blue stripes are intended to symbolize the stripes on a tallit, the traditional Jewish prayer shawl. The portrayal of a Star of David on the flag of the State of Israel is a widely-acknowledged symbol of Judaism.
See the Pen Iran by Sudarshan (@Sud_) on CodePen
A horizontal tricolor of green,white, and red charged with the emblem of Iran in red centered on the white stripe. The statement "الله اکبر" (lit. God is Great) is written in white a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands in the Kufic script as a symbol of the Allh-o-Akbar calls on the 22nd of Bahman (February 11, 1979) which was the day the revolution won. Green Stands for Islam, White for Peace, and Red for the Martyrs. In ancient Iran Green was the Banner of Persia, Red the Banner of Madea, and White stood for Peace, since under Cyrus the Great Madea and Persia where united in peace to become the Grand Nation of Iran (ایران زمین). The flag is of 4:7 ratio.
